On December 29, 2025, the Indian government implemented a widespread ban on virtual private networks (VPNs) in Kashmir, a move that residents say is exacerbating psychological distress. VPNs, which mask a user's internet protocol (IP) address by routing web traffic through a remote server, had been used by many Kashmiris to circumvent internet restrictions and protect their online privacy.

Basit Banday, an IT professional from Kashmir working for a firm in Pune, India, explained that he previously relied on VPNs to safeguard sensitive healthcare data from leaks and cyberattacks. The ban prevents him and others from using this security measure while in Kashmir.

The government order effectively prevents individuals from using VPNs to bypass surveillance and access blocked content. This has raised concerns about freedom of expression and access to information in the region.

A VPN functions by creating an encrypted connection between a user's device and a VPN server, effectively hiding the user's IP address and location. This makes it difficult for internet service providers (ISPs) and other third parties to track online activity. The technology is widely used globally for security, privacy, and accessing geographically restricted content.

The ban's impact extends beyond individual users. Businesses that rely on secure internet connections for data transfer and communication are also affected. The IT sector, in particular, faces challenges in maintaining data security and client confidentiality.

This is not the first time internet restrictions have been imposed in Kashmir. In 2020, India restored internet in Kashmir after 7 months of blackout. The region has experienced frequent internet shutdowns and restrictions in recent years, often in response to political instability and security concerns. These measures have drawn criticism from human rights organizations and digital rights advocates, who argue that they violate fundamental freedoms and hinder economic development.

Critics have labeled India as a leading offender in implementing internet shutdowns globally. The organization Access Now has documented numerous instances of internet shutdowns in India, citing concerns about their impact on human rights and economic activity.

The long-term consequences of the VPN ban remain to be seen. Residents fear that it will further isolate the region and stifle economic growth. Digital rights advocates are calling on the government to lift the ban and respect the online freedoms of Kashmiris. The government has yet to issue a statement addressing these concerns.