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38万亿美元债务:对冲基金涌入债券市场,“轻松日子”结束

据一位前财政部官员称,美国债务激增至 38 万亿美元,标志着美国国债市场进入了一个新时代,其特点是波动性增加和投资者基础发生转变。摩根大通董事总经理、前财政部长珍妮特·耶伦的副幕僚长耿·恩甘博南特警告说,随着以营利为目的的私人投资者日益主导国债持有,“轻松时期”——人为压低的借贷利率——已经结束。

恩甘博南特在《纽约时报》的一篇专栏文章中强调了过去十年美国国债所有权发生的巨大变化。2010 年代初,外国政府持有超过 40% 的美国国债,而现在这一比例不到 15%。虽然他们的持有量与 15 年前大致相同,但他们没有跟上美国债务的爆炸性增长。这一空白已被包括对冲基金在内的私人投资者填补,他们对价格波动更为敏感,并要求更高的回报。

这种转变对美国金融体系具有重大影响。对价格更敏感的投资者基础的依赖可能导致市场波动性增加,尤其是在经济压力时期。长期以来被认为是避风港的美国国债市场,可能会变得更容易受到快速的价格波动的影响,因为私人投资者会对不断变化的经济状况和利率预期做出反应。

对冲基金和其他私人投资者在美国国债市场中的崛起,反映了一种更广泛的金融化趋势以及在低利率环境下寻求收益的趋势。然而,他们的存在也带来了新的风险,因为这些投资者更倾向于采取短期交易策略,并且可能在不确定时期更快地退出头寸。

展望未来,随着美国政府继续为其不断增长的债务融资,它可能会面临更高的借贷成本和来自投资者的更多审查。管理这一债务负担需要谨慎的财政政策,并承诺维持投资者对美国经济长期稳定性的信心。由外国政府稳定需求推动的轻松借贷时代已经结束,美国必须适应更具挑战性和动态性的国债市场。

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