Scientists anticipate several significant developments across various fields in 2026, ranging from advancements in artificial intelligence to gene editing clinical trials and space exploration. A recent Nature Podcast highlighted key areas expected to see progress this year, including the potential rise of small-scale AI models, the impact of gene editing on rare diseases, and a sample collection mission from Phobos, one of Mars' moons.

One of the most anticipated developments is the potential shift in the AI landscape. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have dominated the field, researchers are exploring smaller, more specialized AI models that could outperform LLMs in specific reasoning tasks. Miryam Naddaf, a reporter featured on the Nature Podcast, explained that these smaller models are designed to be more efficient and targeted, potentially leading to breakthroughs in areas where LLMs struggle. This shift could have significant implications for various industries, as these models could be deployed in applications requiring precise and efficient reasoning, such as medical diagnosis or financial analysis. The development of these models also raises questions about the future of AI research and the potential for more decentralized and specialized AI systems.

In the realm of medicine, 2026 is expected to see further progress in gene editing therapies. Clinical trials are underway to assess the effectiveness of gene editing techniques in treating rare human disorders. These trials offer hope for patients with conditions that currently have limited treatment options. The success of personalized gene editing, as demonstrated in the case of one baby who received treatment, has fueled optimism about the potential for wider application. However, challenges remain in ensuring the safety and efficacy of these therapies, as well as addressing ethical considerations surrounding gene editing.

Space exploration will also be a focus in 2026, with a sample collection mission planned for Phobos. This mission aims to gather samples from the Martian moon and return them to Earth for analysis. Scientists hope that these samples will provide valuable insights into the origin and evolution of Phobos, as well as the history of the Martian system. The mission is a collaborative effort involving multiple space agencies and research institutions.

The Nature Podcast also addressed the potential impact of changes to US policy on science. The Trump administration's policies in 2025, characterized by grant cuts, arrests, and layoffs, created a challenging environment for researchers. The long-term effects of these policies are still being assessed, but concerns remain about the potential for continued disruption to scientific research and international collaborations.