An estimated 50,000 clandestine Starlink terminals are currently providing internet access to Iranians despite a government-imposed internet shutdown that began on January 8th. The satellite internet service, operated by SpaceX, has become a crucial lifeline for citizens seeking to bypass state censorship and communicate with the outside world, according to a report by Future Perfect.
The Iranian government's internet blackout followed widespread protests that erupted in late December, triggered by the country's deteriorating economic situation and evolving into broader demands for an end to the rule of Ali Khamenei. Security forces have reportedly cracked down harshly on protesters, resulting in at least 2,600 deaths, with some estimates suggesting the toll could be much higher. The Human Rights Activists News Agency reports that over 18,000 protesters have been arrested.
Starlink utilizes a network of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites to deliver broadband internet service. Unlike traditional geostationary satellites, LEO satellites orbit closer to Earth, resulting in lower latency and faster speeds. The terminals, which resemble small satellite dishes, connect users to the Starlink network, bypassing terrestrial internet infrastructure controlled by the Iranian government.
The deployment of these terminals within Iran is largely covert, due to the government's ban on their use. The methods of smuggling and distribution remain unclear, but the presence of such a large number suggests a coordinated effort. Shayna Korol, a Future Perfect fellow, noted that the satellite network is providing a critical, albeit limited, window into the ongoing conflict and human rights situation within Iran.
The use of satellite internet to circumvent government censorship is not new, but the scale of Starlink's presence in Iran is unprecedented. The situation highlights the growing tension between governments seeking to control information and individuals seeking access to uncensored communication. The Iranian rial is currently the world's least valuable currency. The long-term impact of Starlink's presence on the political and social landscape of Iran remains to be seen.
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